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Kubernetes Ingress Controller
2.0.x (latest)

Integrate the Kubernetes Ingress Controller with Prometheus/Grafana

The Kubernetes Ingress Controller can give you visibility into how Kong Gateway is performing and how the services in your Kubernetes cluster are responding to the inbound traffic.

This guide walks you through setting up monitoring for Kong Gateway with Prometheus.

As of Kubernetes Ingress Controller 2.0, there are additional performance metrics associated with the configuration process (as opposed to the runtime performance of the Gateway), described in detail in the Prometheus metrics reference.

This guide was originally posted on Kong Inc’s blog.

Prerequisites

You’ll need a few things before we can start:

  • Kubernetes cluster: You can use Minikube or a GKE cluster for the purpose of this tutorial. We are running a GKE Kubernetes cluster v1.12.x.
  • Helm: We will be using Helm to install all of our components. Tiller should be installed on your k8s cluster and Helm CLI should be available on your workstation. You can follow Helm’s quickstart guide to set up helm.

Once you have Kubernetes and Helm set up, please proceed.

Caution: Settings here are tweaked to keep this guide simple. These settings are not meant for production usage.

Install Prometheus and Grafana

If you already have the Prometheus Operator and Grafana installed in your cluster, you can skip these steps.

Note: The Prometheus Operator is required, as the Kubernetes Ingress Controller uses its PodMonitor custom resource to configure scrape rules.

Prometheus and Grafana

First, we will install Prometheus with a scrape interval of 10 seconds to have fine-grained data points for all metrics. We’ll install both Prometheus and Grafana in a dedicated monitoring namespace.

Create a values.yaml to set the scrape interval, use Grafana persistence, and install Kong’s dashboard:

prometheus:
  prometheusSpec:
    scrapeInterval: 10s
grafana:
  persistence:
    enabled: true  # enable persistence using Persistent Volumes
  dashboardProviders:
    dashboardproviders.yaml:
      apiVersion: 1
      providers:
      - name: 'default' # Configure a dashboard provider file to
        orgId: 1        # put Kong dashboard into.
        folder: ''
        type: file
        disableDeletion: false
        editable: true
        options:
          path: /var/lib/grafana/dashboards/default
  dashboards:
    default:
      kong-dash:
        gnetId: 7424  # Install the following Grafana dashboard in the
        revision: 5   # instance: https://grafana.com/dashboards/7424
        datasource: Prometheus

To install Prometheus and Grafana, execute the following, specifying the path to the values.yaml you created earlier:

$ kubectl create namespace monitoring
$ helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
$ helm install promstack prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack --namespace monitoring --version 19.0.0 -f /path/to/values.yaml

Install Kong

We will use Kong’s Helm chart to install Kong but you can also use plain manifests for this purpose.

$ helm repo add kong https://charts.konghq.com
$ helm repo update

$ kubectl create namespace kong
$ helm install mykong kong/kong --namespace kong --set serviceMonitor.enabled=true --set serviceMonitor.labels.release=promstack

By default, kube-prometheus-stack selects ServiceMonitors and PodMonitors by a release label equal to the release name. The labels setting here adds a label matching the promstack release name from the example.

Enable Prometheus plugin in Kong

We will enable the Promtheus plugin in Kong at the global level, meaning each request that flows into the Kubernetes cluster gets tracked in Prometheus:

$ echo 'apiVersion: configuration.konghq.com/v1
kind: KongClusterPlugin
metadata:
  name: prometheus
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: kong
  labels:
    global: "true"
plugin: prometheus
' | kubectl apply -f -
kongclusterplugin.configuration.konghq.com/prometheus created

Set Up Port Forwards

Now, we will gain access to the components we just deployed. In a production environment, you would have a Kubernetes Service with an external IP or load balancer, which would allow you to access Prometheus, Grafana, and Kong. For demo purposes, we will set up port-forwarding using kubectl to get access. It is not advisable to do this in production.

Open a new terminal and execute the following commands:

POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace monitoring -l "app.kubernetes.io/instance=promstack-kube-prometheus-prometheus" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
kubectl --namespace monitoring  port-forward $POD_NAME 9090 &


POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace monitoring -l "app.kubernetes.io/name=grafana" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
kubectl --namespace monitoring port-forward $POD_NAME 3000 &


POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace kong -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
kubectl --namespace kong port-forward $POD_NAME 8000 &

# You can access Prometheus in your browser at localhost:9090
# You can access Grafana in your browser at localhost:3000
# Kong proxy port is now your localhost 8000 port
# We are using plain-text HTTP proxy for this purpose of
# demo.
# You can also use the LoadBalancer IP address and not set up this
# port-forwarding if you are running in a cloud environment.

Access Grafana Dashboard

To access Grafana, you need to get the password for the admin user.

Execute the following to read the password and take note of it:

kubectl get secret --namespace monitoring promstack-grafana -o jsonpath="{.data.admin-password}" | base64 --decode ; echo

Now, browse to http://localhost:3000 and fill in username as “admin” and password as what you just noted above. You should be logged in to Grafana and Kong’s Grafana Dashboard should already be installed for you.

Setup Services

We have all the components for monitoring installed, we will now spin up some services for demo purposes and setup Ingress routing for them.

Install Services

We will set up three services: billing, invoice, and comments. Execute the following to spin these services up:

curl -s https://docs.konghq.com/kubernetes-ingress-controller/2.0.x/examples/001_multiple-services.yaml | kubectl apply -f -

Install Ingress for the Services

Next, once the services are up and running, we will create Ingress routing rules in Kubernetes. This will configure Kong to proxy traffic destined for these services correctly.

Execute the following:

echo '
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: sample-ingresses
  annotations:
    konghq.com/strip-path: "true"
spec:
  ingressClassName: kong
  rules:
  - http:
     paths:
     - path: /billing
       pathType: ImplementationSpecific
       backend:
         service:
           name: billing
           port:
             number: 80
     - path: /comments
       pathType: ImplementationSpecific
       backend:
         service:
           name: comments
           port:
             number: 80
     - path: /invoice
       pathType: ImplementationSpecific
       backend:
         service:
           name: invoice
           port:
             number: 80
' | kubectl apply -f -

Let’s Create Some Traffic

We’re done configuring our services and proxies. Time to see if our setup works. Execute the following in a new terminal:

while true;
do
  curl http://localhost:8000/billing/status/200
  curl http://localhost:8000/billing/status/501
  curl http://localhost:8000/invoice/status/201
  curl http://localhost:8000/invoice/status/404
  curl http://localhost:8000/comments/status/200
  curl http://localhost:8000/comments/status/200
  sleep 0.01
done

Since we have already enabled Prometheus plugin in Kong to collect metrics for requests proxied via Kong, we should see metrics coming through in the Grafana dashboard.

You should be able to see metrics related to the traffic flowing through our services. Try tweaking the above script to send different traffic patterns and see how the metrics change. The upstream services are httpbin instances, meaning you can use a variety of endpoints to shape your traffic.

Metrics collected

Request Latencies of Various Services

Request latencies

Kong collects latency data of how long your services take to respond to requests. One can use this data to alert the on-call engineer if the latency goes beyond a certain threshold. For example, let’s say you have an SLA that your APIs will respond with latency of less than 20 millisecond for 95% of the requests. You could configure Prometheus to alert based on the following query:

histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(kong_latency_bucket{type="request"}[1m])) by (le,service)) > 20

The query calculates the 95th percentile of the the total request latency (or duration) for all of your services and alerts you if it is more than 20 milliseconds. The “type” label in this query is “request”, which tracks the latency added by Kong and the service. You can switch this to “upstream” to track latency added by the service only. Prometheus is highly flexible and well documented, so we won’t go into details of setting up alerts here, but you’ll be able to find them in the Prometheus documentation.

Kong Proxy Latency

Proxy latencies

Kong also collects metrics about its performance. The following query is similar to the previous one but gives us insight into latency added by Kong:

histogram_quantile(0.90, sum(rate(kong_latency_bucket{type="kong"}[1m])) by (le,service)) > 2

Error Rates

Error rates

Another important metric to track is the rate of errors and requests your services are serving. The time series kong_http_status collects HTTP status code metrics for each service.

This metric can help you track the rate of errors for each of your service:

sum(rate(kong_http_status{code=~"5[0-9]{2}"}[1m])) by (service)

You can also calculate the percentage of requests in any duration that are errors. Try to come up with a query to derive that result.

Please note that all HTTP status codes are indexed, meaning you could use the data to learn about your typical traffic pattern and identify problems. For example, a sudden rise in 404 response codes could be indicative of client codes requesting an endpoint that was removed in a recent deploy.

Request Rate and Bandwidth

Request rates

One can derive the total request rate for each of your services or across your Kubernetes cluster using the kong_http_status time series.

Bandwidth

Another metric that Kong keeps track of is the amount of network bandwidth (kong_bandwidth) being consumed. This gives you an estimate of how request/response sizes correlate with other behaviors in your infrastructure.

You now have metrics for the services running inside your Kubernetes cluster and have much more visibility into your applications, without making any modifications in your services. You can use Alertmanager or Grafana to now configure alerts based on the metrics observed and your SLOs.