Routes

Routes determine how (and if) requests are sent to their services after they reach Kong Gateway. Where a service represents the backend API, a route defines what is exposed to clients.

A single service can have many routes. Once a route is matched, Kong Gateway proxies the request to its associated service.

Route and service interaction

Routes, in conjunction with services, let you expose your services to applications with Kong Gateway. Kong Gateway abstracts the service from the applications by using routes. Since the application always uses the route to make a request, changes to the services, like versioning, don’t impact how applications make the request. Routes also allow the same service to be used by multiple applications and apply different policies based on the route used.

For example, if you have an external application and an internal application that need to access the example_service service, but the external application should be limited in how often it can query the service to assure no denial of service. If a rate limit policy is configured for the service when the internal application calls the service, the internal application is limited as well. Routes can solve this problem.

In the example above, two routes can be created, say /external and /internal, and both routes can point to example_service. A policy can be configured to limit how often the /external route is used and the route can be communicated to the external client for use. When the external client tries to access the service via Kong Gateway using /external, they are rate limited. But when the internal client accesses the service using Kong Gateway using /internal, the internal client will not be limited.

How requests are routed

For each incoming request, Kong Gateway must determine which service gets to handle it based on the routes that are defined. With release 3.0, Kong Gateway introduced a new router that can be running in two modes, the traditional_compat mode, which is configured like prior releases, and the expressions mode which uses a new configuration scheme. It is recommended that new deployments use the expressions router as it is more powerful and expressive.

The default mode of the router is traditional_compat and the following sections describe how it operates. traditional_compat mode is designed to behave like the router in versions before Kong Gateway 3.x. For a description of the expressions mode, see How to Configure Routes using Expressions.

In general, the router orders all defined routes by their priority and uses the highest priority matching route to handle a request. If there are multiple matching routes with the same priority, it is not defined which of the matching routes will be used and Kong Gateway will use either of them according to how its internal data structures are organized.

If a route contains prefix or regular expression paths, the priority of the route will be calculated separately for each of the paths and requests will be routed accordingly.

In traditional_compat mode, the priority of a route is determined as follows, by the order of descending significance:

1. Priority points
2. Wildcard hosts
3. Header count
4. Regular expressions and prefix paths

Priority points

For the presence of each of a route’s methods, host, headers, and snis, a “priority point” will be added to the route. The number of “priority points” determines the overall order in which the routes will be considered. Routes with a higher “priority point” values will be considered before those with lower values. This means that if one route has methods defined, and second one has methods and headers defined, the second one will be considered before the first one.

Wildcard hosts

Among the routes with the same “priority point” value, those that have any wildcard host specification will be considered after routes that don’t have any wildcard host specified.

Header count

The resulting groups are sorted so the routes with a higher number of specified headers have higher priority than those with a lower number of headers.

Regular expressions and prefix paths

Within the resulting groups of routes with equal priority, the router sorts the routes as follows:

• Routes that have a regular expression path are considered first and are ordered by their regex_priority value. Routes with a higher regex_priority are considered before routes with lower regex_priority values.
• Routes that have no regular expression path are ordered by the length of their paths. Routes with longer paths are considered before routes with shorter paths.

For a route with multiple paths, each path will be considered separately for priority determination. Effectively, this means that separate routes exists for each of the paths.

Regular expressions

Regular expressions used in routes use more resources to evaluate than simple prefix routes. If many regular expressions must be evaluated to route a request, the latency introduced by Kong Gateway can suffer and its CPU usage can increase. In installations with thousands of routes, replacing regular expression routes by simple prefix routes can improve throughput and latency of Kong Gateway. If regex must be used because an exact path match must be performed, using the expressions router will significantly improve Kong Gateway’s performance in this case.

Starting with version 3.0, Kong Gateway uses the regular expression engine shipped with the Rust programming language if the router is operating in expressions or traditional_compatible mode. Prior versions used the PCRE library to evaluate regular expression. While the two engines are largely compatible, subtle differences exist between the two. Refer to the documentation pertinent to the engine that you are using if you have problems getting regular expression routes to work.

Dynamically rewrite request URLs with routes

Routes can be configured dynamically to rewrite the requested URL to a different URL for the upstream. For example, your legacy upstream endpoint may have a base URI like /api/old/. However, you want your publicly accessible API endpoint to now be named /new/api. To route the service’s upstream endpoint to the new URL, you could set up a service with the path /api/old/ and a route with the path /new/api.

Kong Gateway can also handle more complex URL rewriting cases by using regular expression capture groups in the route path and the Request Transformer Advanced plugin. For example, this can be used when you must replace /api/<function>/old with /new/api/<function>.

Kong Gateway 3.0.x or later ships with a new router. The new router can use regex expression capture groups to describe routes using a domain-specific language called Expressions. Expressions can describe routes or paths as patterns using regular expressions. For more information about how to configure the router using Expressions, see How to configure routes using expressions.

Plugins for routes

You can also use plugins to interface with routes. This allows you to further your routing capabilities in Kong Gateway.

See the following plugins for more information:

• LDAP Authentication Advanced: Secure Kong Gateway clusters, routes, and services with username and password protection.
• Mutual TLS Authentication: Secure routes and services with client certificate and mutual TLS authentication.
• Route By Header: Route request based on request headers.
• Route Transformer Advanced: Transform routing by changing the upstream server, port, or path.

Route configuration

Before you can start making requests against a service, you must add a route to it.

You can add routes to a service in Kong Gateway using the following methods:

• Send an HTTP request using the Admin API
• Create a route using the Kong Manager user interface